Habitable Zone Planets

Visualization tool based on current astronomical estimates as of July, 2026.

1. The Universe

Modern baselines estimate 100-200 billion large visible galaxies, but James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) deep-field observations continue to support upper bounds up to 2 trillion when counting faint/early dwarf systems.
Default: 2 Trillion (Upper Bound)
The Milky Way has roughly 100-400 billion. Mainstream cosmic models average across dwarf and giant galaxies.
Default: 200 Billion (Conservative Cosmic Average)
Statistical averages from Kepler and TESS data indicate that multi-planet systems are incredibly common across the cosmos.
Default: 1.5
Fraction of stars hosting a rocky planet in the "Goldilocks" zone.
Default: 0.50 (Based on the widely cited NASA Ames occurrence rate study for Sun-like stars)
Current Estimate: --

2. The Marker (Penny)

US Penny diameter.
US Penny thickness.
1 Penny Stacking Volume: --

3. The Target Area

Area to cover (Default: Continental US).
Total Habitable Zone Planets
--

Height of Penny Stack
--
Over the entire target area