Habitable Zone Planets

Visualization tool based on current astronomical estimates as of June, 2026.

1. The Universe

Modern baselines estimate 100-200 billion large galaxies, extending up to 2 trillion when counting faint dwarf systems.
Default: 2 Trillion (Conselice et al. upper bound)
Milky Way has 100-400 billion. Mainstream cosmic models average across dwarf and giant galaxies.
Default: 200 Billion (Conservative Cosmic Average)
Kepler data shows a statistical average of at least 1 to 2 planets per star across the cosmos.
Default: 1.0 (Conservative Kepler Baseline)
Fraction of stars hosting a rocky planet in the "Goldilocks" zone.
Default: 0.37 (Conservative limit via NASA Kepler/Bryson et al. analysis)
Current Estimate: --

2. The Marker (Penny)

US Penny diameter.
US Penny thickness.
1 Penny Stacking Volume: --

3. The Target Area

Area to cover (Default: Continental US).
Total Habitable Zone Planets
--

Height of Penny Stack
--
Over the entire target area